Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils: A systematic analysis

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the rise antimicrobial resistance as one top public health threats. Antibiotics antibiotic genes (ARGs) are prevalent in agricultural soils due widespread application livestock organic wastes. However, information about occurrence, distribution, risk ARGs is lacking for many scenarios. In this study, based on 2225 observations from 135 independent studies, we summarized concentration or abundance under different fertilizer sources land-use patterns, analyzed contributions key environmental factors occurrence soils, highlighted potential ecological typical relationship between mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Our results showed that cattle manure, chicken swine sewage sludge were primary pollution sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, their corresponding main types. Land-use type, soil, climatic affected ARG abundances. MGEs play a vital role promoting dissemination ARGs, especially sul1 gene closely related intI1. conclusion, our findings future research exploring these topics will contribute better management contamination human health.